Chiricahua Mountains Flying Trees: The Interface Between Science and Belief

On the recent outing with the Portal Rodeo Hiking Club another Chiricahua Mountains Flying Tree was encountered, this time on the ridge just west of Barfoot Peak.  While photographing during the lunch break on the ridge line the multi image panorama of the tree shown below was captured.  Upon returning to the Painted Pony Resort and processing the images in commercially available panorama software the resulting image was produced.  Another burned tree bereft of its' trunk and appearing as a collection of limbs floating in mid air.  While the mundane explanation, the image is a purely a result of the software, is most likely the correct explanation, a more intriguing notion also presents itself.  The possibility that the image represents an adaptive response of  Pine trees to intense fires such as the one areas of the high country experienced this summer in the Chiricahua Mountains. 

Figure 1.  Flying Tree in the Chiricahua Mountains

To become a viable scientific hypothesis, based on the image of a Flying Tree, several key points must be addressed.  Primarily the application of the scientific method.  Observation, hypothesis formation, predictions, and testing.
One - Observation.  Panoramic photographs of floating trees were produced from 2 hikes in the Chiricahua Mountains.
Two - Hypothesis.  These images of isolated segments of trees are an adaptive response to high intensity fire and are a trees mechanism allowing it to remove itself from areas of high intensity fire.
Three - Testable predictions.
            A.  Flying Trees will only be observed in areas of high intensity burn.
            B.  Flying Trees will only be observed at the highest elevations in areas with the highest sustained winds.
            C.  Flying Trees can be observed between mountain ranges following upper level wind patterns.
            D.  If a fire related dispersal or escape mechanism, Flying Trees should be observed with seeds (pine cones).
            E.   Evidence of displacement.  Flying Trees on the ground should be evident on mountain ranges down wind, and not associated with stumps, indicating landing .
           F.  Evidence of displacement.  Flying Trees should be found in areas where the species is not normally found indicating a missed landing.

Of the 6 testable predictions, 2 were tested.  Predictions A and B relate to location, areas of high intensity burn and high wind conditions.  The burn map produced by the BEAR team shows areas of burn intensity in the Chiricahua mountains, Figure 2.  The highest elevations of the Sky Islands in southeastern Arizona received the most intense burn and were areas with the highest sustained winds.  To test prediction A the location of the 2 Flying Trees was plotted.  Both occurrences of Flying Trees was consistent with high intensity burns (red areas).  Three roughly north south transects (2-3 miles in length) at 3 different elevations were also examined for flying trees, Figure 3.  A low elevation (5200'-5600') transect along the riparian areas in Cave Creek Canyon, a mid elevation transect in the interior of the Chiricahua Mountains (6000' - 6700'), and a high elevation transect (8600' - 9600').  Evidence of Flying Trees were only found along the high elevation transect, Figure 2.  No isolated flying pines were seen at mid or lower elevations nor were they observed in areas of lower burn intensity.

Burn intensity map with 3 transects and locations of Flying Trees (A).

Figure 3.  Topographic map of Chiricahua Mountains with 3 transects.

Wind speed generally increases with altitude and wind speeds with increasing altitude are available from a variety of sources.  In addition wind speeds at altitude may be estimated from lower elevation recordings. Based on the altitude differences between the lowest and highest transect the wind velocity is estimated to increase by 2 fold. Flying Trees were only observed at the windiest high elevations.

Predictions C, D, and F have not been tested.  Though preliminary data relating to prediction E (Evidence of displacement.  Flying Trees on the ground should be evident on mountain ranges down wind, and not associated with stumps, indicating landing) was gathered from elevations ranging from 4200' - 6900' in the Peloncillo Mountains.  Transects of similar length in Mouser Canyon, Gray Mountain, and Skeleton Canyon were all examined for Flying Trees.  In all 3 instances no evidence of Flying Trees was observed.  Although the elevations in the Peloncillo Mountains examined were similar to the low and mid elevation transects in the Chiricahua Mountains where no Flying Trees were observed.  No comparable high elevations exist in any range east of the Chiricahua Mountains and may require examination of upwind mountain ranges with elevations similar to the Chiricahua Mountains.

While evidence is presented that is consistent with the notion that certain species of pine have or have developed a specific flight response to high intensity fires, which may be either an escape or dispersal mechanism, the lack of evidence of  Flying Trees down wind cast doubt on the utility of the hypothesis and requires addition evidence.

Perceptions: Two More Photographs from Flys Peak

Finished a preliminary experiment in panorama photography while hiking to Flys Peak this week. The results were unexpected and the resulting photographs was both pleasing and provocative. The original goal was to create a little planet  using a single tree from the Chiricahua Mountains.  Most efforts creating little planets with a single tree are derived from a landscape image, but the goal here was to create a single tree planet with the tree trunk as the planetary body with limbs extending into space.  After taking a series of photographs around the base of the tree (facing the tree) looking up, the panorama software was applied.  The software stitches the individual images together based on either a planer or rotating camera.  But in taking the photographs the camera rotation was inverted from what the software was expecting, i.e. facing the tree versus facing out from the trunk.  The fortuitous result from the panorama software is presented below which shows a series of limbs extending into space at different levels against the sky with no trunk.  While the results did not support the original hypothesis, that it was possible to create a single tree little planet, this composite image is essentially a derivative of the original tree and raises the question "what is a tree".  A larger version of the top image is available on Flickr. Perhaps suitable tree will be found on the next hike and another little planet panorama attempted.

What is a Tree?

Abstract Landscape in the Chiricahua Mountains.